ABSTRACT
Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis (the skittering frog) is one of the most widespread species in Pakistan. Present study was aimed to know the presence of Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis in urban and rural areas of Lower Dir, the North-western Pakistan. A total of 33 frogs were collected, including 15 from rural and 18 from urban areas. The frogs were caught by hands covered with gloves instead of using nets. The collection was managed from August to October 2016 and from April to May 2018. Morphometric analysis, coloration as well as photographs of the frogs have been provided in detail. Skittering frogs were seen frequent in swampy areas near the water bodies. These frogs were mostly seen after sunset.
Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis (a rã que desliza) é uma das espécies mais comuns no Paquistão. O presente estudo teve como objetivo conhecer a presença de Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis em áreas urbanas e rurais de Lower Dir, noroeste do Paquistão. Um total de 33 sapos foram coletados, incluindo 15 de áreas rurais e 18 de áreas urbanas. As rãs foram apanhadas com as mãos cobertas com luvas em vez de redes. A coleta foi gerenciada de agosto a outubro de 2016 e de abril a maio de 2018. Análises morfométricas, coloração e também fotografias das rãs foram fornecidas em detalhes. Rãs saltitantes foram vistas freqüentemente em áreas pantanosas próximas aos corpos d'água. Essas rãs eram vistas principalmente após o pôr do sol.
Subject(s)
Animals , Anura , PakistanABSTRACT
Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis (the skittering frog) is one of the most widespread species in Pakistan. Present study was aimed to know the presence of Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis in urban and rural areas of Lower Dir, the North-western Pakistan. A total of 33 frogs were collected, including 15 from rural and 18 from urban areas. The frogs were caught by hands covered with gloves instead of using nets. The collection was managed from August to October 2016 and from April to May 2018. Morphometric analysis, coloration as well as photographs of the frogs have been provided in detail. Skittering frogs were seen frequent in swampy areas near the water bodies. These frogs were mostly seen after sunset.
Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis (a rã que desliza) é uma das espécies mais comuns no Paquistão. O presente estudo teve como objetivo conhecer a presença de Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis em áreas urbanas e rurais de Lower Dir, noroeste do Paquistão. Um total de 33 sapos foram coletados, incluindo 15 de áreas rurais e 18 de áreas urbanas. As rãs foram apanhadas com as mãos cobertas com luvas em vez de redes. A coleta foi gerenciada de agosto a outubro de 2016 e de abril a maio de 2018. Análises morfométricas, coloração e também fotografias das rãs foram fornecidas em detalhes. Rãs saltitantes foram vistas freqüentemente em áreas pantanosas próximas aos corpos dágua. Essas rãs eram vistas principalmente após o pôr do sol.
Subject(s)
Animals , Bufonidae/anatomy & histology , Bufonidae/growth & developmentABSTRACT
Abstract Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis (the skittering frog) is one of the most widespread species in Pakistan. Present study was aimed to know the presence of Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis in urban and rural areas of Lower Dir, the North-western Pakistan. A total of 33 frogs were collected, including 15 from rural and 18 from urban areas. The frogs were caught by hands covered with gloves instead of using nets. The collection was managed from August to October 2016 and from April to May 2018. Morphometric analysis, coloration as well as photographs of the frogs have been provided in detail. Skittering frogs were seen frequent in swampy areas near the water bodies. These frogs were mostly seen after sunset.
Resumo Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis (a rã que desliza) é uma das espécies mais comuns no Paquistão. O presente estudo teve como objetivo conhecer a presença de Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis em áreas urbanas e rurais de Lower Dir, noroeste do Paquistão. Um total de 33 sapos foram coletados, incluindo 15 de áreas rurais e 18 de áreas urbanas. As rãs foram apanhadas com as mãos cobertas com luvas em vez de redes. A coleta foi gerenciada de agosto a outubro de 2016 e de abril a maio de 2018. Análises morfométricas, coloração e também fotografias das rãs foram fornecidas em detalhes. Rãs saltitantes foram vistas freqüentemente em áreas pantanosas próximas aos corpos d'água. Essas rãs eram vistas principalmente após o pôr do sol.
ABSTRACT
RESUMO Conhecer o comportamento geomorfológico de bacias hidrográficas é fundamental para a elaboração de políticas públicas de conservação dos recursos naturais, para subsidiar a ocupação humana de forma que os processos erosivos sejam minimizados. Considerando-se as escassas informações sobre a bacia hidrográfica do Rio das Balsas, no sul do estado do Maranhão, este estudo teve como objetivos realizar o diagnóstico físico e apresentar as áreas suscetíveis à erosão por meio de classificação qualitativa. Para tanto, utilizaram-se informações das bases de dados da Agência Nacional de Águas, Companhia de Pesquisa de Recursos Minerais e United States Geological Survey (modelo digital de elevação, hidrografia, solos e geologia). Por rotinas de geoprocessamento, foram delimitadas a bacia e as sub-bacias e obtidos os dados para o cálculo dos índices morfométricos. Além disso, foi feita a reclassificação das áreas suscetíveis a erosão, baseada no curve number, método que avalia o potencial de escoamento superficial por tipo de solo e respectivo uso. A reclassificação em quatro classes de suscetibilidade possibilitou elaborar o mapa de áreas suscetíveis à erosão. As características morfogenéticas encontradas na área mostram que são necessárias ações de manejo adequado, já que alguns tipos de solos combinados com 45% de declividade (44% da área) são as áreas mais vulneráveis aos processos erosivos. Com isso, conclui-se que o planejamento do uso e ocupação da bacia são extremamente importantes para que as características físicas da região não interfiram de maneira negativa no futuro da sua expansão, no que concerne tanto às atividades agrícolas quanto às urbanas.
Abstract Knowledge of the geomorphological behavior of watersheds is fundamental for the elaboration of public policies for the conservation of natural resources, to subsidize human occupation in a way that minimizes erosion processes. Considering the lack of information about the Balsas river basin, located in the south of the state of Maranhão, Brazil, this study aimed to make a physical diagnosis and indicate areas susceptible to erosion through qualitative classification. To that end, it drew on information from National Water Agency (ANA), the Geological Survey of Brazil (CPRM) and the United States Geological Survey (USGS) databases (digital elevation model, hydrography, soils and geology). Through geoprocessing routines, the basin and sub-basins were mapped and data was obtained for the calculation of morphometric indices. In addition, the areas susceptible to erosion were reclassified based on the curve number method, which assesses surface runoff potential by soil type and use. Reclassification into four susceptibility classes made it possible to map erosion susceptible areas. The morphogenetic characteristics found in the area show the need for appropriate management actions, since some types of soils, combined with 45% slope (about 44% of the area), are the most vulnerable to erosive processes. The conclusion reached was that planning of the use and occupation of the basin is extremely important to prevent the physical characteristics of the basin interfering negatively in the future of the region, as its agricultural as well as urban activities expand.
ABSTRACT
Abstract Three districts viz. Lower Dir, Swat and Shangla in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, were surveyed for the collection of Pteropus vampyrus (the Indian flying fox) in Malakand division, the north western region of Pakistan from February to November 2018. A total of 35 specimens were captured. Out of the examined specimens 22 were found to be infected with ectoparasites. Three types of ectoparasites were observed including flies 20% (n=7/35), mites 28.5% (n=10/35) and bugs 14.2% (n=5/35). Male bats were more infected 57.1% (n=20/35) as compared to females 42.8% (n=15/35), however, no significant difference (p>0.05) was noted. Flies were recovered from wings membrane and head region, mites were found on wings, ears and around eyes while bugs were found attached on body surface and neck region. Body weight, circumference and wing span of male bats were greater as compared to female bats and were considered a key factor in clear cut identification of male and female Pteropus vampyrus (the Indian flyingfox). It was concluded that Pteropus vampyrus from north western part of Pakistan were parasitized by a varied parasite fauna with high infestation rates. We assume that in male bats the number of parasites is generally higher than in females. Our results revealed new insights into parasite fauna of Pteropus vampyrus.
Resumo Três distritos, Lower Dir, Swat e Shangla, em Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, foram pesquisados para a recolha de Pteropus vampyrus (raposa voadora indiana) na divisão de Malakand, região noroeste do Paquistão, de fevereiro a novembro de 2018. Foram capturados 35 espécimes, dos quais 22 foram infectados com ectoparasitas. Três tipos de ectoparasitas foram observados: moscas (20%; n = 7/35), ácaros (28,5%; n = 10/35) e insetos (14,2%; n = 5/35). Os morcegos machos foram mais infectados (57,1%; n = 20/35) do que as fêmeas (42,8%; n = 15/35); porém, nenhuma diferença significativa foi observada (p > 0,05). As moscas foram recuperadas da membrana das asas e da região da cabeça; já os ácaros foram encontrados nas asas, nas orelhas e ao redor dos olhos; por sua vez, os insetos foram encontrados na superfície do corpo e na região do pescoço. O peso corporal, a circunferência e a envergadura dos morcegos machos foram maiores em comparação aos morcegos fêmeas e foram considerados um fator-chave na identificação dos machos e das fêmeas Pteropus vampyrus (raposa voadora indiana). Conclui-se que os Pteropus vampyrus da parte noroeste do Paquistão foram parasitados por uma fauna variada de parasitas com altas taxas de infestação. Assume-se que, em morcegos machos, o número de parasitas é geralmente maior que em fêmeas. Os resultados deste estudo revelaram novos insights sobre a fauna parasita de Pteropus vampyrus.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Parasites , Chiroptera , Diptera , Pakistan , Wings, AnimalABSTRACT
Resumen: Objetivo: Determinar la precisión del dimorfismo sexual a través del análisis morfométrico de bóvedas palatinas en cráneos procedentes del Laboratorio de Investigación Forense del Equipo Forense Especializado (EFE) de Ayacucho del Ministerio Público - Perú. Materiales y métodos: Diseño transversal, constituido con una muestra de 43 cráneos con sexo biológico preestablecido, (24=masculino y 19=femenino). La estimación del dimorfismo sexual se estableció a través del método propuesto por Meera Jacob y cols., basado en las mediciones de la longitud y ancho palatino, posteriormente se calculó el índice palatino, estableciéndose la precisión y exactitud del método. El análisis inferencial se realizó con un nivel de significancia del 5% a través de la prueba T student, Shapiro Wilk y el coeficiente de Pearson. Resultados: Se estableció que el ancho palatino presenta una media de 3,43 (+0,31) cm. para el sexo masculino y 3,62 (+0,25) cm. para el femenino, en la longitud palatina la media fue de 5,07 (+0,44) cm. para masculino y 4,79 (+0,41) cm. en el femenino; en el índice palatino, el 100% de los cráneos de sexo masculino corresponden al paladar duro estrecho y en el femenino un 73,7% al estrecho, un 21% al intermedio y un 5,3% al ancho. Además, se determinó que existió diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los parámetros del ancho y longitud de la bóveda palatina entre ambos sexos y se planteó una fórmula de análisis discriminante. Conclusión: El análisis morfométrico de bóvedas palatinas establece una precisión de 83.72% en la estimación del dimorfismo sexual.
Abstracts: Objective: Determine sexual dimorphism precision via palatal vault morphometric analysis in craniums sourced from the Laboratorio de Investigación Forense del Equipo Forense Especializado (EFE) de Ayacucho del Ministerio Público- Perú. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional design consisting of a sample of 43 skulls with pre-established biological gender, (24 males and 19 females). Sexual dimorphism was established by means of the method proposed by Meera Jacob and co., based on palatal width and length measurements, after which the palatal index was calculated, establishing the method's precision and accuracy. The inferential analysis was made with a level of significance of 5% through the T student test, Shapiro Wilk and Pearson's coefficient. Results: Palatal width had a mean of 3.43 (+0.31cm) for males and 3.62 (+0.25) for females and in palatal length a mean of 5.07 (+0.44) cm. for males and 4.79 (+0.41) cm. for females is established; on palatal index, 100% of the male skulls correspond to hard narrow palate and on females 73.7% to narrow, 21% to intermediate and 5.3% to wide. Furthermore, it was determined that there were statistically significant differences between width and length of palatal vault for both genders, and a discriminating analysis formula was proposed. Conclusion: Morphometric analyses of palatal vaults establish an 83.72% precision on the estimation of sexual dimorphism.
Subject(s)
Humans , Sex Characteristics , Palate, Hard/anatomy & histology , Peru , Growth and DevelopmentABSTRACT
To determine the morphological characteristics of variations in populations of female adult sand fly, Sergentomyia anodontis Quate and Fairchild, 1961 in caves in southern Thailand using morphometric analysis. Methods: A total of 107 female Sergentomyia anodontis were isolated from 651 sand flies captured by CDC light traps overnight in caves in Surat Thani, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Satun and Songkhla provinces from February to December 2017. Measurement of 23 external and internal morphological characteristics was conducted. Data were tested with preliminary statistics (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Levene's test and Box's test of equality of covariance matrices) and by one-way ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis test. Measurements were analyzed using canonical discriminant analysis. Results: There were 11 morphological characteristics with high variability while two characteristics exhibited low variation. The sand fly populations from Nakhon Si Thammarat, Satun and Songkhla provinces were very similar but were separate from that in Surat Thani province based on canonical discriminant analysis data. This indicates that the morphological variation founding is a result of the diversity of habitats in each population and the geographic features of caves in each area, such as their altitude above sea level. Conclusions: There is a certain variation in the morphology of Sergentomyia anodontis sand flies at the population level which may be used for future classification of sand flies.
ABSTRACT
To determine the morphological characteristics of variations in populations of female adult sand fly, Sergentomyia anodontis Quate and Fairchild, 1961 in caves in southern Thailand using morphometric analysis. Methods: A total of 107 female Sergentomyia anodontis were isolated from 651 sand flies captured by CDC light traps overnight in caves in Surat Thani, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Satun and Songkhla provinces from February to December 2017. Measurement of 23 external and internal morphological characteristics was conducted. Data were tested with preliminary statistics (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Levene's test and Box's test of equality of covariance matrices) and by one-way ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis test. Measurements were analyzed using canonical discriminant analysis. Results: There were 11 morphological characteristics with high variability while two characteristics exhibited low variation. The sand fly populations from Nakhon Si Thammarat, Satun and Songkhla provinces were very similar but were separate from that in Surat Thani province based on canonical discriminant analysis data. This indicates that the morphological variation founding is a result of the diversity of habitats in each population and the geographic features of caves in each area, such as their altitude above sea level. Conclusions: There is a certain variation in the morphology of Sergentomyia anodontis sand flies at the population level which may be used for future classification of sand flies.
ABSTRACT
Spathopsis rubens is freshwater bivalves distributed in the Nile River and its main canals all over Egypt.Four populations of S. rubens on Al-Mahmoudia irrigation canal at Damnhour, Egypt were collected andinvestigated for morphometric characters and genetic diversity by using inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR).The results declared that both the length and height measurements of the collected samples from the differentlocations showed slight significant differences; however, no significant differences between the total weightand the width of the samples have found. High degree of correlation between temperature and total weight,height and length was reported in samples collected from the third location. Genomic DNA from the selectedsamples of each population was extracted and amplified using 10 ISSR primers. The primers (M2, M3, M8,M12, M17, F2, F4, and F9) showed 100% polymorphism. Unweighted pair group method with arithmetic meandendrogram characterized the samples of S. rubens into two main definite clusters. The cluster of genotypes2 and 3 recorded the highest similarity and distance indices at a distance of 0.60859, while genotypes 1 and 3recorded the lowest similarity and distance indices at a distance of 0.1716.
ABSTRACT
The problems of diagnosis and therapy of patients with various deformities of the facial skeleton are widely covered. The aim of the research is to characterize the morphometric parameters of the maxillofacial region in patients with gnatic forms of occlusion abnormalities (GFOA). Methods: The data from the archives of the 38 patients (ethnic Uzbeks) with the gnathic forms of occlusion anomalies, who have a treatment at the Clinic of Tashkent State Dental Institute, was analyzed. In addition, the criteria of normal range for the ethnic Uzbeks were determined by the cephalometric evaluation during the treatment of the patients with the dent maxillofacial anomalisms. Results: The data obtained served as the basis for the judgment about the deviations of the norm in the facial skeleton and, in particular, in its gnatic Department among ethnic Uzbeks. These parameters will be the norm criteria in cephalometric studies in the treatment of patients with dentoalveolar anomalies, in particular patients with GFAO, which ultimately facilitates the clinical diagnosis, the preparation of a rational plan of orthodontic, surgical treatment and evaluation of their immediate and long-term results. Conclusion: Thus, the data obtained by us confirm the idea that cephalometric analyses are often based on comparison of the data obtained as a result of examination of a particular patient (group of patients) with the average values in this population.
ABSTRACT
Abstract Introduction: The type of endoscopic approach chosen for vidian neurectomy can be specified by evaluating the vidian canal and the surrounding sphenoid sinus structures. Objective: The variations and morphometry of the vidian canal were investigated, focusing on the functional correlations between them which are crucial anatomical landmarks for preoperative planning. Methods: This study was performed using paranasal multidetector computed tomography images that were obtained with a section thickening of 0.625 mm of 250 adults. Results: The distributions of 500 vidian canal variants were categorized as follows; Type 1, within the sphenoid corpus (55.6%); Type 2, partially protruding into the sphenoid sinus (34.8%); Type 3, within the sphenoid sinus (9.6%). The pneumatization of the pterygoid process is mostly seen in vidian canal Type 2 (72.4%) and Type 3 (95.8%) (p < 0.001). The mean distances from the vidian canal to the foramen rotundum and the palatovaginal canal were greater in the vidian canal Type 2 and 3 with the pterygoid process pneumatization (p < 0.001). The prevalence of the intrasphenoid septum between the vidian canal and the vomerine crest and lateral attachment which ending on carotid prominence were much higher in vidian canal Type 3 than other types (p < 0.001). The mean angle between the posterior end of the middle turbinate and the lateral margin of the anterior opening of the vidian canal was measured as 33.05 ± 7.71°. Conclusions: Preoperative radiologic analysis of the vidian canal and the surrounding structures will allow surgeons to choose an appropriate endoscopic approach to ensure predictable postoperative outcomes.
Resumo Introdução: O tipo de abordagem endoscópica para a neurectomia do vidiano pode ser definido pela avaliação do canal do vidiano e das estruturas adjacentes aos seios esfenoidais. Objetivo: Investigar as variações e a morfometria do canal vidiano com enfoque nas suas correlações funcionais, pois são parâmetros anatômicos cruciais para o planejamento pré-operatório. Método: Esse estudo foi realizado utilizando-se imagens de tomografia computadorizada multidetectores dos seios paranasais com espessura de corte de 0,625 mm obtidas de 250 indivíduos adultos. Resultados: A distribuição das 500 variantes do canal vidiano foi categorizada da seguinte forma: Tipo 1, dentro do corpo ósseo esfenoidal (55,6%); Tipo 2, protrusão parcial no interior do seio esfenoidal (34,8%); Tipo 3, no interior do seio esfenoidal (9,6%). A pneumatização do processo pterigoide foi observada principalmente no canal vidiano Tipo 2 (72,4%) e Tipo 3 (95,8%) (p < 0,001). As distâncias médias do canal vidiano até o forame redondo e o canal palatovaginal foram maiores no canal vidiano do Tipo 2 e 3, com a pneumatização do processo pterigoide (p < 0,001). A presença do septo intraesfenoidal entre o canal vidiano e a crista vomeriana e a extensão lateral, que termina na proeminência da carótida, foi muito maior no canal vidiano Tipo 3 do que nos outros tipos (p < 0,001). A angulação média entre a cauda da concha média e a margem lateral da abertura anterior do canal vidiano foi de 33,05° ± 7,71°. Conclusões: A análise radiológica pré-operatória do canal do vidiano e das estruturas circunjacentes permitem ao cirurgião escolher uma abordagem endoscópica apropriada e prever resultados pós-operatórios.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Sphenoid Sinus/anatomy & histology , Sphenoid Sinus/diagnostic imaging , Denervation/methods , Pterygopalatine Fossa/anatomy & histology , Pterygopalatine Fossa/diagnostic imaging , Multidetector Computed Tomography/methods , Reference Values , Reproducibility of Results , Retrospective Studies , Anatomic LandmarksABSTRACT
Background: Tendoachilles tendon, the strongest and thickest tendon of the body, is formed by tendons of soleusand gastrocnemius begins near the middle of the back of leg and is inserted to the midpoint of the posteriorsurface of the calcaneum. Normal morphometric measurements of Achilles tendon serve as an important landmarkin its anthropometric evaluation and biomechanical attribute. The morphological changes in the tendon sizeprovide important health information for the management of various clinical conditions related to Achillestendons like simple tendinopathy or acute ruptures of it etc.Aim: The current study aimed at finding out the detailed morphometric measurements of the Achilles tendonwhich can be of substantial use to clinicians for determining any pathological conditions associated withtendoachilles.Materials and Methods: Total 108 lower limbs from 54 donated embalmed cadavers (31 males & 23 females) ofage between 55 to 85 years were procured for dissection. The study was carried out in the department of AnatomySMIMER Surat.Results: Present cadaveric study found that the length of tendoachilles was significantly high in male than infemale and no statistically significant difference in length of tendoachilles between right and left side werenoted. The width of the tendoachilles at origin between the right and left side tendons was statistically significant.Discussion: We found that the length of Tendoachilles was significantly high in male than in female and alsowidth of the tendoachilles at origin was more on right side. Being a frequent site for rupture, degenerative changeand inflammation, knowledge pertaining to normal morphometric measurements of Achilles tendon is imperativebefore determining any pathological variations associated with the tendon and
ABSTRACT
Abstract This study aimed to assess the effects of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) on alveolar bone loss (ABL), blood count, and counting of megakaryocytes and adipocytes in male Wistar rats. Forty male 60-day Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: Control (C), Periodontal Disease (PD), Heparin (Hp) and Heparin + Periodontal Disease (Hp+PD). LMWH was applied for 60 days at doses of 1 ml/kg/day. Blood samples were collected at baseline, 30 and 60. On day-49, PD and Hp+PD groups were subjected to ligature-induced periodontitis around second upper right molar. The left side was assessed as spontaneous alveolar bone loss. Mean ABL in the side with ligature showed significantly different between C (0.35±0.07 mm) and Hp+DP (0.49±0.09 mm) groups (p<0.001), between PD (0.55±0.11 mm) and Hp (0.32±0.06 mm) groups (p<0.001) and between Hp and Hp+DP groups (p<0.001). No significant differences were found among groups for ABL in the side without ligature. Animal weight, food intake, and water consumption showed no statistically significant difference among groups. Megakaryocytes and adipocytes were counted using optical microscopy and no statistically significant differences were found. Within-groups, there were an increase and a decrease, respectively, in the counting of lymphocytes (p=0.005 for C and p=0.009 for Hp+PD groups only) and leukocytes (p=0.003 for C, p=0.001 for PD, p=0.002 for Hp, and p<0.001 for Hp+PD groups). There was no decrease in the number of platelets in the three collection periods. LMWH was not able to affect ABL, but it may change the blood counting, especially increasing lymphocytes.
Resumo O presente estudo objetivou verificar o efeito da heparina de baixo peso molecular (HBPM) sob a perda óssea alveolar (POA), contagem de células sanguíneas, megacariócitos e adipócitos em ratos Wistar machos. Quarenta ratos Wistar de 60 dias foram randomicamente divididos em quatro grupo: Controle (C), Doença Periodontal (DP), Heparina (Hp) e Heparina + Doença Periodontal (Hp+DP). HBPM foi aplicada durante 60 dias em doses de 1 mL/kg/dia. Coletas sanguíneas foram realizadas nos dias 0, 30 e 60. No dia 49, os grupos DP e Hp+DP receberam indução de doença periodontal por ligadura ao redor do segundo molar superior direito. No lado esquerdo, verificou-se perda óssea alveolar espontânea. A média de POA no lado com ligadura mostrou-se estatisticamente diferente entre os grupos C (0,35±0,07 mm) e Hp+PD (0,49±0,09 mm) (p<0,001), entre os grupos DP (0,55±0,11 mm) e Hp (0,32±0,06 mm) (p<0,001) e entre os grupos Hp e Hp+DP (p<0,001). Nenhuma diferente significativa foi observada entre os grupos no lado sem ligadura. Peso dos animais, consumo de ração e ingestão de água não mostraram diferenças significativas entre os grupos. Megacariócitos e adipócitos foram contados por microscopia óptica e nenhuma diferença significativa foi encontrada. Dentro dos grupos, houve um aumento e uma diminuição, respectivamente, na contagem de linfócitos (p=0,005 no grupo C e p=0,009 no grupo Hp+DP somente) e leucócitos (p=0,003 no grupo C, p=0.001 no grupo DP e p=0,002 no grupo Hp e Hp+DP). Não houve diminuição no número de plaquetas nos três períodos de coleta. HBPM não foi capaz de modificar a POA, porém modificou a contagem de células sanguíneas, especialmente aumentando o número de linfócitos.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Alveolar Bone Loss/prevention & control , Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight/pharmacology , Megakaryocytes/cytology , Rats, Wistar , Adipocytes/cytology , Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight/administration & dosage , Dose-Response Relationship, DrugABSTRACT
STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional observational study involved the analysis of computed tomography (CT) scan data from 125 Indian subjects of 18 years or older with normal imaging findings. Scans were obtained from patients with head injuries as a part of the screening process along with brain CT scans.PURPOSE: To establish the dimensions of lateral masses of the atlas vertebrae in normal disease-free Indian individuals.OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE: Lateral mass fixation has become the standard of care in fixation of the supra-axial cervical spine. Many studies have investigated the dimensions of lateral masses in cadaveric specimens; however, studies involving the radiological morphometric analysis of the lateral masses of the atlas vertebra in living patients are lacking.METHODS: Subjects underwent craniovertebral junction CT scans during evaluations of head injury. All had normal radiology reports. The CT scans were obtained using a CT Philips Brilliance 64 machine (Philips, Amsterdam, Netherlands) with a slice thickness of 1 mm and then analyzed using Horos software ver. 2.0.2 (Horos Project, Annapolis, MD, USA) on a MacBook.RESULTS: Lateral masses of the atlas vertebrae were found to be larger in males than females and larger on the right than the left side. The angle of permissible medialization was found to be larger on the right side. The analysis of the average dimensions indicated the conventionally described screw positions to be safe.CONCLUSIONS: The present study provides information that may help to establish standard dimensions of lateral masses of the atlas vertebrae among the normal Indian population. We demonstrate that there is no significant difference when compared with the Western population. The results presented here will be of use to clinicians as they may inform preoperative planning for lateral mass fixation surgeries.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Brain , Cadaver , Cervical Atlas , Craniocerebral Trauma , Mass Screening , Observational Study , Spine , Standard of Care , Tomography, X-Ray ComputedABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to characterize the physical parameters of the Cachimbal River Watershed, located in Pinheiral, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, and to use the resulting data to identify degradation risks. To achieve this purpose, a Hydrologically Consistent Digital Elevation Model (HCDEM) was generated using contour line, river path, and area boundary data extracted from topographic maps of the cities of Volta Redonda (Page SF-23-ZAV-2) and Piraí (Page SF-23-Z-VI-1). These maps were obtained from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, and were rendered at a scale of 1:50,000 ArcGISs version 10.5 software was used to generate the HCDEM, from which the physical parameters were extracted. Results showed that the altitude of the area ranges from 360 m to 740 m, while the slope varies heterogeneously from 6% to 28%. The sub-basin has a total area of 104.15 km², a perimeter of 63.41 km, a main channel length of 21.79 km, and a 5th-order dendritic drainage network. Other parameters include a compactness coefficient of 1.74, a form factor of 0.34, and a circularity ratio of 0.33. These values indicate that the sub-basin is not prone to floods because of its elongated shape. Meanwhile, drainage density was 2.60 km km-2, while river density was 5.5 channels km-2; these parameters indicate excellent performance and high potential to generate new channels. Although the roughness coefficient indicates that the area is suitable for agricultural development, the roughness index demonstrates the need to adopt more nuanced agricultural practices that account for the particular features of the area, such as topographic variation and soil characteristics.
O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar os parâmetros físicos da sub-bacia hidrográfica do ribeirão Cachimbal, Pinheiral-RJ, Brasil, a fim de se identificar os riscos à degradação. Para isso foi gerado o Modelo Digital de Elevação Hidrologicamente Consistente (MDEHC) através a partir das cartas topográficas dos municípios de Volta Redonda (Folha SF-23-Z-A-V-2) e Piraí (Folha SF-23-Z-VI-1), obtidas no Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística na escala de 1:50.000, onde foram extraídas as curvas de nível, rios e limite. A confecção foi realizada utilizando o software ArcGIS versão 10.5. A obtenção dos parâmetros físicos foi realizada sob o MDEHC. Verificou-se que a altimetria varia de 360m a 740m e a declividade de 6% a 28%, estando elas apresentando padrão de distribuição heterogêneo. A sub-bacia possui área total de 104.15 km², perímetro de 63.41 km, com comprimento do canal principal de 21.79 km e rede de drenagem de 5ª ordem, com padrão dendrítico; coeficiente de compacidade (Kc) de 1.74; coeficiente de forma (Kf) de 0.34, índice de circularidade (IC) de 0.33; que indicam que a sub bacia não apresenta propensão a enchentes, pois possui formato alongado. Os valores encontrados para densidade de drenagem (Dd) foram de 2.60 km km-2 e a para densidade hidrográfica (Dh) de 5.5 canais km-2, o que classificou a área com Dd muito boa e Dh com elevado potencial para gerar novos canais. Dessa forma o escoamento superficial ocorre de forma lenta, e a formação de processos erosivos ocorre gradualmente. Apesar do coeficiente de rugosidade (Cr) indicar aptidão agrícola para agricultura, o índice de rugosidade (Ir) verificado, demonstra a necessidade da adoção de um conjunto de práticas agrícolas mais conservacionistas, levando em levando em consideração as particularidades da área, com destaque para as variações do relevo e características do solo associadas à paisagem da bacia hidrográfica.
Subject(s)
Erosion , Hydrographic Basins , Surface RunoffABSTRACT
Abstract Three districts viz. Lower Dir, Swat and Shangla in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, were surveyed for the collection of Pteropus vampyrus (the Indian flying fox) in Malakand division, the north western region of Pakistan from February to November 2018. A total of 35 specimens were captured. Out of the examined specimens 22 were found to be infected with ectoparasites. Three types of ectoparasites were observed including flies 20% (n=7/35), mites 28.5% (n=10/35) and bugs 14.2% (n=5/35). Male bats were more infected 57.1% (n=20/35) as compared to females 42.8% (n=15/35), however, no significant difference (p>0.05) was noted. Flies were recovered from wings membrane and head region, mites were found on wings, ears and around eyes while bugs were found attached on body surface and neck region. Body weight, circumference and wing span of male bats were greater as compared to female bats and were considered a key factor in clear cut identification of male and female Pteropus vampyrus (the Indian flyingfox). It was concluded that Pteropus vampyrus from north western part of Pakistan were parasitized by a varied parasite fauna with high infestation rates. We assume that in male bats the number of parasites is generally higher than in females. Our results revealed new insights into parasite fauna of Pteropus vampyrus.
Resumo Três distritos, Lower Dir, Swat e Shangla, em Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, foram pesquisados para a recolha de Pteropus vampyrus (raposa voadora indiana) na divisão de Malakand, região noroeste do Paquistão, de fevereiro a novembro de 2018. Foram capturados 35 espécimes, dos quais 22 foram infectados com ectoparasitas. Três tipos de ectoparasitas foram observados: moscas (20%; n = 7/35), ácaros (28,5%; n = 10/35) e insetos (14,2%; n = 5/35). Os morcegos machos foram mais infectados (57,1%; n = 20/35) do que as fêmeas (42,8%; n = 15/35); porém, nenhuma diferença significativa foi observada (p > 0,05). As moscas foram recuperadas da membrana das asas e da região da cabeça; já os ácaros foram encontrados nas asas, nas orelhas e ao redor dos olhos; por sua vez, os insetos foram encontrados na superfície do corpo e na região do pescoço. O peso corporal, a circunferência e a envergadura dos morcegos machos foram maiores em comparação aos morcegos fêmeas e foram considerados um fator-chave na identificação dos machos e das fêmeas Pteropus vampyrus (raposa voadora indiana). Conclui-se que os Pteropus vampyrus da parte noroeste do Paquistão foram parasitados por uma fauna variada de parasitas com altas taxas de infestação. Assume-se que, em morcegos machos, o número de parasitas é geralmente maior que em fêmeas. Os resultados deste estudo revelaram novos insights sobre a fauna parasita de Pteropus vampyrus.
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT: South America has numerous Criollo horse breeding farms; however, information on foal hoof growth is still limited and identifying the ideal periods to apply corrective trimming is a frequent concern for horse owners. In the present study, a morphometric analysis of hoof growth was performed on 46 Criollo foals from birth to weaning (0-8 months). Results showed that hoof growth rate was higher in the first four months followed by a decrease until the eighth month. Average growth rate of the hoof was 0.21cm per month, whereas that of the heel was 0.14cm per month. However, no significant differences were observed between medial and lateral heel length or between limbs. Coronary band perimeter and solar width showed an average increase of 0.97cm and 0.46cm per month, respectively, and were significantly correlated (r=0.99, P≤0.01). The characteristic most positively correlated to biometric variables was foal age, followed by solar width, toe length, and coronary band perimeter. In conclusion, hoof length increase in Criollo foals was more intensive during the first four months of life.
RESUMO: A América do Sul possui um grande número de criatórios da raça Crioula, no entanto, há uma carência de informações sobre o desenvolvimento natural dos cascos dos potros, tornando a identificação de períodos ideais para o casqueamento corretivo uma dúvida frequente entre os criadores. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi realizar a biometria natural (do nascimento aos 8 meses) no casco de 46 potros da raça Crioula. Os resultados indicaram uma taxa de crescimento mais rápido nos primeiros 4 meses, com subsequente desaceleração até o desmame. O crescimento médio do casco foi em média 0,21cm mo-1, enquanto o comprimento do talão foi de 0,14cm mo-1. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas no equilíbrio médio/lateral do casco ou entre os membros durante o período experimental. O perímetro da banda coronária e a largura solar do casco apresentaram um crescimento médio de 0,97 e 0,46cm mo-1, respectivamente, e foram altamente correlacionados (r=0,99, P≤0,01). A idade dos potros foi a característica mais correlacionada positivamente, seguida da largura solar, do comprimento do casco e do perímetro da banda coronária. Nós concluímos que o crescimento do casco em potros da raça Crioula foi mais intenso durante os quatro primeiros meses de vida.
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The research of the structure of wild animal anatomy is important and can be used to help with species conservation. The objective of this study was to describe the methodology used to digitally scan bone structure of these animals. Thus, all the steps used to perform the scapula scan of an adult specimen of Cerdocyon thous was thoroughly described as a way to illustrate the process that is being developed for the study of skeletons. A scapula was chosen to be digitalized because it is a plane bone of the forelimb and is fundamental to unite the limb to the animal's trunk. Advanced morphometric analysis of osteometry was depicted by creating three-dimensional physical models of bone structures utilizing the 3D Model Uniscan, a computational engineering tool that enables accurate results of the bone structure in the model. The equipment works by reading the points of the piece through the reflection of the laser in the lenses and sensors. These points are computed and positioned by VXelements software which is responsible for the capture of the targets, which in turn, generates a triangular surface mesh in real time which reproduces the 3D surface of the bone instantaneously. Finally, these sets of acquired data can be converted into various file formats compatible with CAD software, such as Solidworks which allows the dimensions to be extracted at different points of the object. This way of characterization and modeling allows the analysis of the structures' dimensions to be more informative and real. The obtained results of such analyzes have application in the studies of ecomorphology and evolution.
O detalhamento da anatomia de animais silvestres é importante, uma vez que pode ser usado a favor da conservação. Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, descrever a metodologia para realizar a digitalização da estrutura óssea desses animais. Assim, foram descritas todas as etapas utilizadas para efetuar a digitalização da escápula de um espécime adulto de Cerdocyon thous como uma forma de exemplificar o processo que está sendo desenvolvido para o estudo de esqueletos. Além disso, escolheu-se digitalizar a escápula, pois se trata de um osso plano do membro torácico, fundamental para unir o membro ao tronco do animal. As análises morfométricas avançadas de osteometria foram realizadas por meio da criação de modelos tridimensionais de estruturas ósseas, através de modelos físicos reais, com o uso do equipamento SCANNER 3D Modelo Uniscan, uma ferramenta de engenharia computacional que possibilita obter resultados precisos da estrutura óssea do modelo. O equipamento funciona por meio da leitura dos pontos da peça pela reflexão do laser nas lentes e sensores. Estes pontos são computados e posicionados pelo software VXelements que é responsável pela captação de alvos que, por sua vez, geram uma malha de superfície triangular em tempo real, o qual reproduz a superfície 3D instantânea do osso. Ao final, estes conjuntos de dados adquiridos podem ser convertidos em diversos formatos de arquivo compatíveis com softwares CAD como, por exemplo, o Solidworks que permite que as dimensões sejam extraídas em diferentes pontos do objeto. Sendo assim, esta forma de caracterização e modelagem permite tornar a análise da dimensão mais elucidativa e real. Os resultados obtidos nessas análises têm aplicação em estudos de ecomorfologia e evolução.
Subject(s)
Bone and Bones , Carnivora , Computer-Aided Design , Animals, Wild/anatomy & histologyABSTRACT
Background: Pedicle screw fixation has become an increasingly popular technique of instrumentation to treat spinal disorders by providing stable fixation in the treatment for degenerative diseases, trauma, deformities, and tumours of the spine. This method provides rigid support that allows surgeons to limit instrumentation to one or two motion segments, thus preserving maximum motion. This study was conducted to record the surgically relevant parameters of transverse pedicle isthmus width, transverse pedicle angle, spinal canal diameters and the approximate screw path length and to compare the results between male and female vertebrae and with those of similar studies in literature. Methods: 295 lumbar vertebrae in 61patients were analyzed based on transverse pedicle isthmus width, transverse pedicle angles, AP and transverse spinal canal diameters and approximate screw path length. The screw path length was measured in 184 vertebrae from 37 patients. The measurements were processed using SPSS v.15 software and analysed. Results: The mean transverse pedicle isthmus width was the least at L1 level (8.1 mm) and highest at L5 level (16.5mm). There was a significant difference between male and female vertebral diameters. Of the pedicles at L1, over 9% had a diameter of less than or equal to 5 mm, 15% had a diameter of less than or equal to 6 mm. The mean transverse pedicle angle was maximum at L5 level (26.80). The canal diameters are significantly lower than that of the western population. There was a change in pedicle angle and diameter in the same vertebra between right and left pedicles. Female vertebrae had a smaller pedicle diameter and screw path length but had a similar spinal canal diameter as compared to a male vertebrae. Conclusions: Significant differences in the morphometric parameters existed between genders and even between individuals of same gender. It is suggested that preoperative computed tomography scans of the patients must be evaluated to choose the appropriately sized implant and avoid inadvertent complications.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Atypia of undetermined significance (AUS) is a category that encompasses a heterogeneous group of thyroid aspiration cytology. It has been reclassified into two subgroups based on the cytomorphologic features: AUS with cytologic atypia and AUS with architectural atypia. The nuclear characteristics of AUS with cytologic atypia need to be clarified by comparing to those observed in Hashimoto thyroiditis and benign follicular lesions. METHODS: We selected 84 cases of AUS with histologic follow-up, 24 cases of Hashimoto thyroiditis, and 26 cases of benign follicular lesions. We also subcategorized the AUS group according to the follow-up biopsy results into a papillary carcinoma group and a nodular hyperplasia group. The differences in morphometric parameters, including the nuclear areas and perimeters, were compared between these groups. RESULTS: The AUS group had significantly smaller nuclear areas than the Hashimoto thyroiditis group, but the nuclear perimeters were not statistically different. The AUS group also had significantly smaller nuclear areas than the benign follicular lesion group; however, the AUS group had significantly longer nuclear perimeters. The nuclear areas in the papillary carcinoma group were significantly smaller than those in the nodular hyperplasia group; however, the nuclear perimeters were not statistically different. CONCLUSIONS: We found the AUS group to be a heterogeneous entity, including histologic follow-up diagnoses of papillary carcinoma and nodular hyperplasia. The AUS group showed significantly greater nuclear irregularities than the other two groups. Utilizing these features, nuclear morphometry could lead to improvements in the accuracy of the subjective diagnoses made with thyroid aspiration cytology.